In modern naval warfare, unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) have become pivotal assets, revolutionising the strategies of many nations. Ukraine’s strategic use of USVs has played a significant role in this shift, bringing these sea drones into the spotlight. As tensions rise globally, Taiwan, which faces the potential threat of conflict with China, has closely monitored Ukraine’s tactics. Taiwan recently unveiled its USV, signalling its commitment to incorporating this advanced technology into its defence strategy. Several other nations, including India, are also actively pursuing developing and deploying USVs, recognising their immense strategic value.
Ukraine’s Pioneering Use of USVs
Ukraine’s adoption of USVs has been groundbreaking. These sea drones, capable of carrying 200-300 kg warheads, have successfully damaged and destroyed several Russian warships. For instance, a swarm of six Magura sea drones sunk a Russian Navy corvette named Ivanovets in February 2024. By targeting key ports and strategic locations, Ukraine has demonstrated the offensive capabilities of USVs in modern warfare. To counter the Russian response of deploying helicopters and jets for patrolling and destroying USVs, Ukraine innovatively equipped its sea drones with R-73 close combat missiles for air defence.
Furthermore, Ukraine has mounted multiple launch rocket systems (MLRS) on these USVs, enabling them to conduct stand-off attacks and reuse them for subsequent operations. This multifaceted approach underscores the versatility and effectiveness of USVs in offensive roles.
Expanding Roles of USVs in Naval Warfare
Beyond direct combat, USVs serve critical functions in intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) roles. These capabilities allow navies to gather essential data, monitor maritime activities, and maintain situational awareness without risking human lives. USVs can also perform mine detection and neutralisation, ensuring safe passage for naval vessels. Their ability to operate autonomously or be remotely controlled makes them indispensable tools for modern naval operations, providing tactical advantages across various maritime domains.
India’s Developments in USV Technology
The Indian Navy has recognised the potential of USVs and is making significant strides in this field. In collaboration with the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Sagar Defence Engineering, a startup company, tested three sea drones last year. These USVs were designed for surveillance, patrolling, and reconnaissance, showcasing a commitment to enhancing India’s maritime capabilities. In May 2024, the firm unveiled the Bali USV, which is equipped with radar, an object-tracking system, and swarm capabilities. Indian firms may soon develop drones capable of carrying explosives. This development marks a significant step forward in India’s naval modernisation efforts, aiming to secure its vast coastline and maritime interests.
Potential Countermeasures Against USV Threats
As the Indian Navy is in the process of adopting USV technology, it must also enhance countermeasures to protect against similar threats from rivals. Effective countermeasures are crucial to maintaining naval superiority and ensuring maritime security.
In addition to high-rate-of-fire naval guns, deploying shoulder-fired munitions such as anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) might be an effective strategy to engage USV targets at close range accurately. These missiles provide flexible and mobile defence options, enhancing the ship’s close-in defence capabilities.
The Indian Navy’s sophisticated electronic warfare (EW) systems play a crucial role in neutralising USV threats. Within the EW framework, electronic countermeasures (ECM) can jam or deceive the electronic systems of hostile USVs, while electronic counter-countermeasures (ECCM) protect friendly systems from enemy interference. Together, these measures ensure the effectiveness of naval defences against electronic threats.
Additionally, emerging laser weapon technology offers precision targeting and the ability to disable or destroy USVs without the need for traditional munitions. Laser systems provide a scalable and cost-effective means of neutralising multiple threats.
By integrating these countermeasures into its naval strategy, the Indian Navy can effectively mitigate the threat posed by USVs and maintain its maritime security posture in an evolving naval landscape.
Vinay Sadham
